Sparc angiogenic domain and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The invention provides compositions and methods which exploit the discovery of the SPARC carboxy angiogenic domain.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/159,322, filed Mar. 11, 2009.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteines (SPARC), also known asosteonectin, is a 286 amino acid glycoprotein. SPARC has affinity for awide variety of ligands including cations (e.g., Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺),growth factors (e.g., platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), andvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)), extracellular matrix (ECM)proteins (e.g., collagen I-V and collagen IX, vitronectin, andthrombospondin-1), endothelial cells, platelets, albumin, andhydroxyapaptite. SPARC expression is developmentally regulated, and ispredominantly expressed in tissues undergoing remodeling during normaldevelopment or in response to injury (see, e.g., Lane et al., FASEB J.,8, 163-173 (1994)). High levels of SPARC protein are expressed indeveloping bones and teeth.

SPARC is upregulated in several aggressive cancers, but is absent fromthe vast majority of normal tissues (Porter et al., J. Histochem.Cytochem., 43, 791 (1995) and see below). SPARC expression is inducedamong a variety of tumors (e.g., bladder, liver, ovary, kidney, gut, andbreast). In bladder cancer, for example, SPARC expression has beenassociated with advanced carcinoma. Invasive bladder tumors of stage T2or greater have been shown to express higher levels of SPARC thanbladder tumors of stage T1 (or less superficial tumors), and have poorerprognosis (see, e.g., Yamanaka et al., J. Urology, 166, 2495-2499(2001)). In meningiomas, SPARC expression has been associated withinvasive tumors only (see, e.g., Rempel et al., Clincal Cancer Res., 5,237-241 (1999)). SPARC expression also has been detected in 74.5% of insitu invasive breast carcinoma lesions (see, e.g., Bellahcene, et al.,Am. J. Pathol., 146, 95-100 (1995)), and 54.2% of infiltrating ductalcarcinoma of the breast (see, e.g., Kim et al., J. Korean Med. ScL, 13,652-657 (1998)). SPARC expression also has been associated with frequentmicrocalcification in breast cancer (see, e.g., Bellahcene et al.,supra), suggesting that SPARC expression may be responsible for theaffinity of breast metastases for the bone. SPARC is also known to bindalbumin (see, e.g., Schnitzer, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 6072 (1994)).

Accordingly, there is a need for compositions and methods that takeadvantage of SPARC's role in disease, e.g., SPARC's role in somecancers. In particular, there is a need for compositions and methodsthat take advantage of SPARC's domain specific activities, such as theSPARC carboxy angiogenic domain.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides isolated polypeptides comprising the sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 1, which comprises an isolated SPARC angiogenic domain.Further, the invention provides isolated polypeptides comprising thesequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein there are up to 5 conservative aminoacid changes or which are 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and wherein themutated isolated SPARC polypeptides retain at least 60% of theangiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention also provides isolated polypeptides comprising thesequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein there are up to 5 nonconservativeamino acid changes and wherein the mutated isolated SPARC polypeptidesretain at least 60% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention also provides methods for stimulating angiogenesis in ananimal in need of angiogenesis comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a purified polypeptide comprisingthe sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or isolated polypeptides comprising amutated sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein there are up to 5 conservativeamino acid changes or which are 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 andwherein the mutated isolated SPARC polypeptides retain at least 60% ofthe angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention also provides methods for stimulating angiogenesis in ananimal in need of angiogenesis comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a purified polypeptide comprisingthe sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or isolated polypeptides comprising amutated sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein there are up to 5nonconservative amino acid changes and wherein the mutated isolatedSPARC polypeptides retain at least 60% of the angiogenic activity SEQ IDNO: 1.

The invention provides isolated polypeptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 2.,which comprises a mature SPARC polypeptide lacking the consecutive aminoacids of SEQ ID NO: 1 and isolated, carboxy truncated, SPARCpolypeptides which are the product of an enzymatic digestion of thecarboxy terminus of a full length SPARC polypeptide and which retains nomore than 5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention provides methods of treating a tumor in an animalcomprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount ofany one or more of the SPARC polypeptides lacking angiogenic activity,including, e.g. isolated, carboxy truncated, SPARC polypeptides whichare the product of an enzymatic digestion of the carboxy terminus of afull length SPARC polypeptide and which retains no more than 5% of theangiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1 disclosed herein, in particular SEQ IDNO: 2.

The invention provides methods for sensitizing a tumor in an animalcomprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount anyone or more of the SPARC polypeptides lacking angiogenic activity,including, isolated, the carboxy truncated, SPARC polypeptides which arethe product of an enzymatic digestion of the carboxy terminus of a fulllength SPARC polypeptide and which retain no more than 5% of theangiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1 disclosed herein, in particular SEQ IDNO: 2, and a non-SPARC therapy.

The invention also provides methods of identifying an angiogenesisinhibitor comprising: (a) administering an effective amount of acomposition comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or comprising mutantforms of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein there are up to 5conservative amino acid changes or which are 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein either form mutated isolated polypeptide retain at least60% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1 to an angiogenesis modelsystem; (b) separately simultaneously administering a candidateangiogenesis inhibitor and the composition of (a) to angiogeniccomposition of model system; (c) quantifying the amount of angiogenesisproduced in (a) and (b); and (d) if angiogenesis is reduced in (b) incomparison to (a), identifying the candidate angiogenesis inhibitor asan angiogenesis inhibitor.

The invention also provides methods of identifying an angiogenesisinhibitor comprising: (a) administering an effective amount of acomposition comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or comprising mutantforms of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein there are up to 5nonconservative amino acid changes and wherein either form mutatedisolated polypeptide retain at least 60% of the angiogenic activity SEQID NO: 1 to an angiogenesis model system; (b) separately simultaneouslyadministering a candidate angiogenesis inhibitor and the composition of(a) to angiogenic composition of model system; (c) quantifying theamount of angiogenesis produced in (a) and (b); and (d) if angiogenesisis reduced in (b) in comparison to (a), identifying the candidateangiogenesis inhibitor as an angiogenesis inhibitor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a graphical representation of data demonstrating theeffect of exogenous SPARC administration with Abraxane and Sutent in aPC3 model.

FIG. 2 depicts results from a HUVEC 3-D tube formation assaycharacterizing the angiogenic activity of SPARC.

FIG. 3 depicts the results of an SDS-PAGE assay in which wildtype SPARCwas run alongside SPARC-d (a mixture of two C-terminal truncated SPARCproteins).

FIG. 4 depicts a graphical representation of data obtained from HUVEC3-D tube formation assay characterizing wildtype SPARC and SPARC-d.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Surprisingly, it has been determined that SPARC polypeptide'spro-angiogenic activity is localized to amino acids 233-286 (SEQ IDNO: 1) of a mature SPARC polypeptide. Previously this activity wasreported to be in the N-terminus region of SPARC (Sage H. Adv Dent Res.1995 9(3 Suppl):5. Since the proapoptotic region of SPARC is more aminoterminal, this discovery suggests that SPARC polypeptides lacking thecarboxy terminal angiogenesis domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2) may be moreactive against SPARC dependent diseases, such as, e.g., tumors than fulllength mature SPARC polypeptides. Additionally, while not desiring to bebound by any particular theory, since angiogenesis is necessary fortumor growth, it is possible that SPARC without the terminal angiogenicdomain (SEQ ID NO: 2) may compete against full length wild type SAPRCand negate its activity in vivo.

The invention provides isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 withup to an additional 15 amino acids, preferably up to an additional 12amino acids, more preferably up to an additional 10 amino acids, morepreferably up to an additional 8 amino acids, more preferably up to anadditional 5 amino acids, more preferably up to an additional 4 aminoacids, more preferably up to an additional 3 amino acids, morepreferably up to an additional 2, more amino acids, and most preferablyan additional amino acid added to the carboxy and/or amino termini.

The invention provides isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 1 with up to5 conservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4 conservative aminoacid changes, more preferably up to 3 conservative amino acid changes;more preferably up to 2 conservative amino acid changes, more preferablya single conservative amino acid change and which retain at least 60%,preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 40%, and mostpreferably at least 30% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention also provides isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 1 withup to 5 nonconservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4nonconservative amino acid changes, more preferably up to 3nonconservative amino acid changes; more preferably up to 2nonconservative amino acid changes, more preferably a singlenonconservative amino acid change and which retain at least 60%,preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 40%, and mostpreferably at least 30% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention provides isolated polypeptides that are at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably that are at least 85% identical toSEQ ID NO: 1, more preferably that are at least 80% identical to SEQ IDNO: 1, more preferably that are at least 75% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1,more preferably that are at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 andwhich retain at least 60%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably atleast 40%, and most preferably at least 30% of the angiogenic activitySEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention includes isolated polynucleotides comprising a nucleicacid sequence encoding any one of the SPARC polypeptides of theinvention described herein, including SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2 and theirmutants disclosed herein, expression vector for expressing such nucleicacid sequences and transformed cells comprising such polynucleotides.

The invention provides methods for stimulating angiogenesis in an animalin need of angiogenesis comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of isolated polynucleotides encoding polypeptidescomprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The invention provides methodsfor treating and preventing SPARC dependent diseases in an animalcomprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of isolatedpolynucleotides encoding polypeptides comprising the sequence of SEQ IDNO: 2.

The invention provides methods for stimulating angiogenesis in an animalin need of angiogenesis comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a purified polypeptide comprising the sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 1 or a mutant thereof which is in accordance with theinvention and/or described herein. Accordingly, the invention providesmethods of treating pathological hypoperfusion such as restenosis,atherosclerosis, and limbic hypoperfusion; also for ischemia including,e.g., wherein the ischemia is cardiac ischemia and stroke.

The invention provides isolated SPARC polypeptides comprising SEQ ID NO:2., i.e., mature SPARC polypeptides lacking the consecutive amino acidsof SEQ ID NO: 1. The invention provides isolated SPARC polypeptides,including epitope tagged polypeptides, which are carboxy truncated,i.e., SPARC polypeptides which are the products of an enzymaticdigestion of the carboxy terminus of a full length SPARC polypeptide andwhich retains no more than 5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1,preferably no more than 3% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, morepreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, mostpreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

Carboxyl digestion can be done by any suitable method includingenzymatic and chemical digestions. For example, those of ordinary skillcould routinely adapt serine carboxypeptidase, lysosomal Pro-Xcarboxypeptidase, carboxypeptidase c, carboxypeptidase D, Cysteine typecarboxypeptidases, metalloexopeptidases and the like for this purpose.See also, Nakazawa T et al. Terminal proteomics: N- and C-terminalanalyses for high-fidelity identification of proteins using MS.,Proteomics. 2008 February; 8(4):673-85 which is hereby incorporated byreference.

The invention provides isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2 with up to5 conservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4 conservative aminoacid changes, more preferably up to 3 conservative amino acid changes;more preferably up to 2 conservative amino acid changes, more preferablya single conservative amino acid change and which retains no more than5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably no more than 3%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, more preferably no more than 1%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, most preferably no more than 1%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention also provides isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2 withup to 5 nonconservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4nonconservative amino acid changes, more preferably up to 3nonconservative amino acid changes; more preferably up to 2nonconservative amino acid changes, more preferably a singlenonconservative amino acid change and which retains no more than 5% ofthe angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably no more than 3% of theangiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, more preferably no more than 1% of theangiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, most preferably no more than 1% of theangiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention provides isolated polypeptides that are at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, preferably that are at least 85% identical toSEQ ID NO: 2, more preferably that are at least 80% identical to SEQ IDNO: 2, more preferably that are at least 75% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2,more preferably that are at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 andwhich retains no more than 5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1,preferably no more than 3% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, morepreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, mostpreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention provides methods of treating a tumor in an animalcomprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount ofany one or more isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2 with up to 5conservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4 conservative aminoacid changes, more preferably up to 3 conservative amino acid changes;more preferably up to 2 conservative amino acid changes, more preferablya single conservative amino acid change and which retains no more than5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably no more than 3%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, more preferably no more than 1%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, most preferably no more than 1%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention provides methods of treating a tumor in an animalcomprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount ofany one or more isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2 with up to 5nonconservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4 nonconservativeamino acid changes, more preferably up to 3 nonconservative amino acidchanges; more preferably up to 2 nonconservative amino acid changes,more preferably a single nonconservative amino acid change and whichretains no more than 5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1,preferably no more than 3% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, morepreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, mostpreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1.

The invention provides methods of sensitizing a tumor in an animalcomprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount anyone or more isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2 with up to 5conservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4 conservative aminoacid changes, more preferably up to 3 conservative amino acid changes;more preferably up to 2 conservative amino acid changes, more preferablya single conservative amino acid change and which retains no more than5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, preferably no more than 3%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, more preferably no more than 1%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, most preferably no more than 1%of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1 and a non-SPARC therapy.

The invention provides methods of sensitizing a tumor in an animalcomprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount anyone or more isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2 with up to 5nonconservative amino acid changes, preferably up to 4 nonconservativeamino acid changes, more preferably up to 3 nonconservative amino acidchanges; more preferably up to 2 nonconservative amino acid changes,more preferably a single nonconservative amino acid change and whichretains no more than 5% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1,preferably no more than 3% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, morepreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1, mostpreferably no more than 1% of the angiogenic activity SEQ ID NO: 1 and anon-SPARC therapy.

The invention also provides for the treatment or sensitization ofproliferative diseases other than tumors or cancer with therapeuticallyeffective amount any one or more isolated polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 2or mutants thereof described herein. Proliferative diseases suitable fortreatment hypertrophic scars and keloids, proliferative diabeticretinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, arteriovenous malformations,atherosclerotic plaques, delayed wound healing, hemophilic joints,nonunion fractures, Osler-Weber syndrome, psoriasis, pyogenic granuloma,scleroderma, tracoma, menorrhagia, vascular adhesions and restenosis.

The invention provides methods of treating or sensitizing a tumor in ananimal, wherein the tumor is selected from the group consisting of oralcavity tumors, pharyngeal tumors, digestive system tumors, respiratorysystem tumors, bone tumors, cartilaginous tumors, bone metastases,sarcomas, skin tumors, melanoma, breast tumors, genital system tumors,urinary tract tumors, orbital tumors, brain and central nervous systemtumors, gliomas, endocrine system tumors, thyroid tumors, esophagealtumors, gastric tumors, small intestinal tumors, colonic tumors, rectaltumors, anal tumors, liver tumors, gall bladder tumors, pancreatictumors, laryngeal tumors, tumors of the lung, bronchial tumors,non-small cell lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, uterinecervical tumors, uterine corpus tumors, ovarian tumors, vulvar tumors,vaginal tumors, prostate tumors, prostatic carcinoma, testicular tumors,tumors of the penis, urinary bladder tumors, tumors of the kidney,tumors of the renal pelvis, tumors of the ureter, head and neck tumors,parathyroid cancer, Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiplemyeloma, leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocyticleukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia.

The invention provides methods of sensitizing a tumor in an animal,wherein the a non-SPARC therapy is one or more of a chemotherapeutic,radiation or biologic regimen, including e.g., wherein the non-SPARCtherapy comprises one or more of docetaxel, paclitaxel, taxanes,platinum compounds, antifolates, antimetabolites, antimitotics, DNAdamaging agents, proapoptotics, differentiation inducing agents,antiangiogenic agents, antibiotics, hormones, peptides, antibodies, andcombinations thereof.

The invention provides methods of identifying an angiogenesis inhibitorcomprising: (a) administering an effective amount of a composition ofany one of SEQ ID NO: 1 or mutants thereof to an angiogenesis modelsystem; (b) separately simultaneously administering a candidateangiogenesis inhibitor and the composition of any one of claims 1-4 tothe angiogenesis model system; (c) quantifying the amount ofangiogenesis produced in (a) and (b); and (d) if angiogenesis is reducedin (b) in comparison to (a), identifying the candidate angiogenesisinhibitor as an actual angiogenesis inhibitor. Any suitable angiogenicmodel system may be used in accordance with the invention, includinge.g., wherein the angiogenesis model system is the HUVEC tube formationassay.

As used herein, a “medicament” is a composition capable of producing aneffect that may be administered to a patient or test subject. The effectmay be chemical, biological or physical, and the patient or test subjectmay be human, or a non-human animal, such as a rodent or transgenicmouse. The composition may include small organic or inorganic moleculeswith distinct molecular composition made synthetically, found in nature,or of partial synthetic origin. Included in this group are nucleotides,nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, peptidenucleic acids or complexes comprising at least one of these entities.The medicament may be comprised of the effective composition alone or incombination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes anyand all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial,antimicrobial or antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delayingagents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. The excipientmay be suitable for intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular,intrathecal or oral administration. The excipient may include sterileaqueous solutions or dispersions for extemporaneous preparation ofsterile injectable solutions or dispersion. Use of such media forpreparation of medicaments is known in the art.

As used herein, a “pharmacologically effective amount” or “effectiveamount” of a medicament refers to using an amount of a medicamentpresent in such a concentration to result in a therapeutic level of drugdelivered over the term that the drug is used. This may be dependent onthe mode of delivery, time period of the dosage, age, weight, generalhealth, sex and diet of the subject receiving the medicament. Thedetermination of what dose is a “pharmacologically effective amount”requires routine optimization, which is within the capabilities of oneof ordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, the terms “cancer” or “tumor” refers to a proliferativedisorder caused or characterized by the proliferation of cells whichhave lost susceptibility to normal growth control. The term cancer, asused in the present application, includes tumors and any otherproliferative disorders. Cancers of the same tissue type usuallyoriginate in the same tissue, and may be divided into different subtypesbased on their biological characteristics. Four general categories ofcancers are carcinoma (epithelial tissue derived), sarcoma (connectivetissue or mesodermal derived), leukemia (blood-forming tissue derived)and lymphoma (lymph tissue derived). Over 200 different types of cancersare known, and every organ and tissue of the body may be affected.Specific examples of cancers that do not limit the definition of cancermay include melanoma, leukemia, astrocytoma, glioblastoma,retinoblastoma, lymphoma, glioma, Hodgkins' lymphoma and chroniclymphocyte leukemia. Examples of organs and tissues that may be affectedby various cancers include pancreas, breast, thyroid, ovary, uterus,testis, prostate, thyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, kidney,stomach, esophagus, colon or rectum, head and neck, bone, nervoussystem, skin, blood, nasopharyngeal tissue, lung, urinary tract, cervix,vagina, exocrine glands and endocrine glands. Alternatively, a cancermay be multicentric or of unknown primary site (CUPS).

As used herein, a ‘cancerous cell’ refers to a cell that has undergone atransformation event and whose growth is no longer regulated to the sameextent as before said transformation event. A tumor refers to acollection of cancerous cells, often found as a solid or semi-solid lumpin or on the tissue or a patient or test subject.

Diseases or conditions with pathologic hypoperfusion may be treated inaccordance with the invention wherein effective amounts of one or morepolypeptides comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 are administered to the animal,such as human. Suitable hypoprofusion diseases or conditions fortreatment in accordance with the invention include: cardiac ischemia,myocardial infarction, diabetes, neuropathies, ALS, oral ulcers, gastriculcers, restenosis, stroke, TIAs, pre-eclampsia and the like (See also,Carmeliet, Angiogenesis in health and disease, Nature Medicine 9,653-660 (2003), which is hereby incorporated by reference, foradditional suitable diseases and conditions.)

Diseases with exaggerated angiogenesis, particularly if SPARC-dependent,may be treated in accordance with the invention wherein effectiveamounts of, e.g., one or more antibodies targeting the SPARC angiogenicdomain or other anti-SPARC therapy are administered to the animal, suchas a human. Suitable diseases with exaggerated angiogenesis fortreatment in accordance with the invention include: cancer, tumors,angioma, endometriosis, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy ofprematurity, psoriasis, arthritis, pyogenic granuloma,angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, periodontal disease, and the like(See also, Carmeliet, Angiogenesis in health and disease, NatureMedicine 9, 653-660 (2003), which is hereby incorporated by reference,for additional suitable diseases and conditions.)

Diseases with exaggerated wound healing and remodeling particularly ifSPARC-dependent, may be treated in accordance with the invention whereineffective amounts of one or more antibodies targeting the SPARCangiogenic domain or other anti-SPARC therapy are administered to theanimal, such as a human. Suitable diseases with exaggerated woundhealing and remodeling for treatment in accordance with the inventioninclude: keloids, hyperthrophic scars, pulmonary fibrosis, and the like(See also, Carmeliet, Angiogenesis in health and disease, NatureMedicine 9, 653-660 (2003), which is hereby incorporated by reference,for additional suitable diseases and conditions.)

A cancer or cancerous cell may be described as “sensitive to” or“resistant to” a given therapeutic regimen or chemotherapeutic agentbased on the ability of the regimen to kill cancer cells or decreasetumor size, reduce overall cancer growth (i.e. through reduction ofangiogenesis), and/or inhibit metastasis. Cancer cells that areresistant to a therapeutic regimen may not respond to the regimen andmay continue to proliferate. Cancer cells that are sensitive to atherapeutic regimen may respond to the regimen resulting in cell death,a reduction in tumor size, reduced overall growth (tumor burden) orinhibition of metastasis. For example, this desirably manifest itself ina reduction in tumor size, overall growth/tumor burden or the incidenceof metastasis of about 10% or more, for example, about 30%, about 40%,about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or more, to about 2-fold,about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold,about 20-fold or more. Monitoring of a response may be accomplished bynumerous pathological, clinical and imaging methods as described hereinand known to persons of skill in the art.

A common theme for a chemotherapeutic agent or combination of agents isto induce death of the cancerous cells. For example, DNA adducts such asnitrosoureas, busulfan, thiotepa, chlorambucil, cisplatin, mitomycin,procarbazine, or dacacarbazine slow the growth of the cancerous cell byforcing the replicating cell to repair the damaged DNA before theM-phase of the cell cycle, or may by themselves cause sufficient damageto trigger apoptosis of the cancerous cell. Other events such as geneexpression or transcription, protein translation, or methylation of thereplicated DNA, for example, may also be interfered with by the variedarsenal of chemotherapeutic agents available to the clinician and helpto trigger apoptotic processes within the cancerous cells. Alternately,a chemotherapeutic agent may enable the cancerous cell to be killed byaspects of the patient or test subject's humoral or acquired immunesystem, for example, the complement cascade or lymphocyte attack.

While not desiring to be bound by any specific theories, a cancerouscell resistant to a chemotherapeutic agent or combination of agents mayfight for its survival by actively transporting the drug out of the cellfor example, by overexpression of the ABC transporter MDR1p-glycoprotein (FORD et al 1993. Cytotechnol. 12:171-212) or acquiring‘counter-mutations’ to counteract the drugs. For example, mutations inthe DNA repair enzymes that affect the ability to detect damage to thecells' DNA may enable replication of the damaged DNA and permit thecancerous cells to continue replicating, enlarging the tumor. Asmutations accumulate, other regulatory points that would otherwise actin a normal cell cycle cease to function, and the cycle of unregulatedgrowth cascades. Another aspect of chemotherapeutic resistance involvesthe tumor cells' avoidance of apoptosis. A host organism's normalresponse to dysregulated cell growth is to initiate apoptosis andeliminate the defective cell before the cascade into uncontrolledreplication begins. However, this may be subverted by a cancerous cell,for example, by disruption of signal transduction events, loss ofadhesion dependence or contact inhibition in the cancerous cell, or lossof apoptosis-promoting factors, often considered ‘tumor suppressors’,for example p53, BRCA1 or RB. The importance of this sensitivity toapoptosis in the treatment of cancer is supported by recent evidenceindicating that the selectivity of chemotherapy for the relatively fewtumors ever cured solely by drugs depends, to a large extent, upon theireasy susceptibility to undergo apoptosis (Johnstone et al., 2002. Cell.108(2):153-64).

As used herein, a “therapeutic regimen” or “therapy” refers to theadministration of at least one agent which is harmful to cancerouscells. Suitable therapeutic regimens for use in accordance with theinvention include, but are not limited to, “chemotherapeutic regimens,”“radiotherapeutic regimens,” “alternative therapeutic regimen” andcombinations thereof.

As used herein, a “chemotherapeutic regimen” or “chemotherapy” refers tothe administration of at least one chemotherapy agent which is harmfulto destroy cancerous cells. There are a myriad of such chemotherapyagents available to a clinician. Chemotherapy agents may be administeredto a subject in a single bolus dose, or may be administered in smallerdoses over time. A single chemotherapeutic agent may be used(single-agent therapy) or more than one agent may be used in combination(combination therapy). Chemotherapy may be used alone to treat sometypes of cancer. Alternatively, chemotherapy may be used in combinationwith other types of treatment, for example, radiotherapy or alternativetherapies (for example immunotherapy) as described herein. Additionally,a chemosensitizer may be administered as a combination therapy with achemotherapy agent.

As used herein, a “chemotherapeutic agent” refers to a medicament thatmay be used to treat cancer, and generally has the ability to killcancerous cells directly. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents includealkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, hormones andantagonists, and miscellaneous agents. Examples of alternate names areindicated in brackets. Examples of alkylating agents include nitrogenmustards such as mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide,melphalan (L-sarcolysin) and chlorambucil; ethylenimines andmethylmelamines such as hexamethylmelamine and thiotepa; alkylsulfonates such as busulfan; nitrosoureas such as carmustine (BCNU),semustine (methyl-CCNU), lomustine (CCNU) and streptozocin(streptozotocin); DNA synthesis antagonists such as estramustinephosphate; and triazines such as dacarbazine (DTIC,dimethyl-triazenoimidazolecarboxamide) and temozolomide. Examples ofantimetabolites include folic acid analogs such as methotrexate(amethopterin); pyrimidine analogs such as fluorouracin (5-fluorouracil,5-FU, 5FU), floxuridine (fluorodeoxyuridine, FUdR), cytarabine (cytosinearabinoside) and gemcitabine; purine analogs such as mercaptopurine(6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP), thioguanine (6-thioguanine, TG) andpentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin, deoxycoformycin), cladribine andfludarabine; and topoisomerase inhibitors such as amsacrine. Examples ofnatural products include vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine (VLB) andvincristine; taxanes such as paclitaxel and docetaxel (Taxotere);epipodophyllotoxins such as etoposide and teniposide; camptothecins suchas topotecan and irinotecan; antibiotics such as dactinomycin(actinomycin D), daunorubicin (daunomycin, rubidomycin), doxorubicin,bleomycin, mitomycin (mitomycin C), idarubicin, epirubicin; enzymes suchas L-asparaginase; and biological response modifiers such as interferonalpha and interlelukin 2. Examples of hormones and antagonists includeluteinising releasing hormone agonists such as buserelin;adrenocorticosteroids such as prednisone and related preparations;progestins such as hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesteroneacetate and megestrol acetate; estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol andethinyl estradiol and related preparations; estrogen antagonists such astamoxifen and anastrozole; androgens such as testosterone propionate andfluoxymesterone and related preparations; androgen antagonists such asflutamide and bicalutamide; and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogssuch as leuprolide. Examples of miscellaneous agents includethalidomide; platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin(cis-DDP), oxaliplatin and carboplatin; anthracenediones such asmitoxantrone; substituted ureas such as hydroxyurea; methylhydrazinederivatives such as procarbazine (N-methylhydrazine, MIH);adrenocortical suppressants such as mitotane (o,p′-DDD) andaminoglutethimide; RXR agonists such as bexarotene; and tyrosine kinaseinhibitors such as imatinib. Alternate names and trade-names of theseand additional examples of chemotherapeutic agents, and their methods ofuse including dosing and administration regimens, will be known to aperson versed in the art, and may be found in any suitable referenceknow to those of ordinary skill. In particular, suitablechemotherapeutic agents for use in accordance with the inventioninclude, without limitation, nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxels.

As used herein, the term “radiotherapeutic regimen” or “radiotherapy”refers to the administration of radiation to kill cancerous cells.Radiation interacts with various molecules within the cell, but theprimary target, which results in cell death is the deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA). However, radiotherapy often also results in damage to thecellular and nuclear membranes and other organelles. DNA damage usuallyinvolves single and double strand breaks in the sugar-phosphatebackbone. Furthermore, there can be cross-linking of DNA and proteins,which can disrupt cell function. Depending on the radiation type, themechanism of DNA damage may vary as does the relative biologiceffectiveness. For example, heavy particles (i.e. protons, neutrons)damage DNA directly and have a greater relative biologic effectiveness.Electromagnetic radiation results in indirect ionization acting throughshort-lived, hydroxyl free radicals produced primarily by the ionizationof cellular water. Clinical applications of radiation consist ofexternal beam radiation (from an outside source) and brachytherapy(using a source of radiation implanted or inserted into the patient).External beam radiation consists of X-rays and/or gamma rays, whilebrachytherapy employs radioactive nuclei that decay and emit alphaparticles, or beta particles along with a gamma ray.

Radiotherapy may further be used in combination chemotherapy, with thechemotherapeutic agent acting as a radiosensitizer. The specific choiceof radiotherapy suited to an individual patient may be determined by askilled person at the point of care, taking into consideration thetissue and stage of the cancer.

As used herein, the term “alternative therapeutic regimen” or“alternative therapy” may include for example, biologic responsemodifiers (including polypeptide-, carbohydrate-, and lipid-biologicresponse modifiers), toxins, lectins, antiangiogenic agents, receptortyrosine kinase inhibitors (for example Iressa® (gefitinib), Tarceva®(erlotinib), Erbitux® (cetuximab), imatinib mesilate (Gleevec®),proteosome inhibitors (for example bortezomib, Velcade); VEGFR2inhibitors such as PTK787 (ZK222584), aurora kinase inhibitors (forexample ZM447439); mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors,cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, rapamycin inhibitors (for examplesirolimus, Rapamune™); farnesyltransferase inhibitors (for exampletipifarnib, Zarnestra); matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (for exampleBAY 12-9566; sulfated polysaccharide tecogalan); angiogenesis inhibitors(for example Avastin™ (bevacizumab); analogues of fumagillin such asTNP-4; carboxyaminotriazole; BB-94 and BB-2516; thalidomide;interleukin-12; linomide; peptide fragments; and antibodies to vasculargrowth factors and vascular growth factor receptors); platelet derivedgrowth factor receptor inhibitors, protein kinase C inhibitors,mitogen-activated kinase inhibitors, mitogen-activated protein kinaseinhibitors, Rous sarcoma virus transforming oncogene (SRC) inhibitors,histonedeacetylase inhibitors, small hypoxia-inducible factorinhibitors, hedgehog inhibitors, and TGF-.beta. signalling inhibitors.Furthermore, an immunotherapeutic agent would also be considered analternative therapeutic regimen. Examples include chemokines,chemotaxins, cytokines, interleukins, or tissue factor. Suitableimmunotherapeutic agents also include serum or gamma globulin containingpreformed antibodies; nonspecific immunostimulating adjuvants; activespecific immunotherapy; and adoptive immunotherapy. In addition,alternative therapies may include other biological-based chemicalentities such as polynucleotides, including antisense molecules,polypeptides, antibodies, gene therapy vectors and the like. Suchalternative therapeutics may be administered alone or in combination, orin combination with other therapeutic regimens described herein.Alternate names and trade-names of these agents used in alternativetherapeutic regimens and additional examples of agents used inalternative therapeutic regimens, and their methods of use includingdosing and administration regimens, will be known to a physician versedin the art. Furthermore, methods of use of chemotherapeutic agents andother agents used in alternative therapeutic regimens in combinationtherapies, including dosing and administration regimens, will also beknown to a person versed in the art.

In particular, suitable alternative therapeutic regimens include,without limitation, antibodies to molecules on the surface of cancercells such as antibodies to Her2 (e.g., Trastuzumab), EGF or EGFReceptors, VEGF (e.g., Bevacizumab) or VEGF Receptors, CD20, and thelike. The therapeutic agent may further comprise any antibody orantibody fragment which mediates one or more of complement activation,cell mediated cytotoxicity, inducing apoptosis, inducing cell death, andopsinization. For example, such an antibody fragment may be a completeor partial Fc domain.

By “antibodies” it is meant without limitation, monoclonal antibodies,polyclonal antibodies, dimers, multimers, multispecific antibodies(e.g., bispecific antibodies). Antibodies may be murine, human,humanized, chimeric, or derived from other species. An antibody is aprotein generated by the immune system that is capable of recognizingand binding to a specific antigen. A target antigen generally hasnumerous binding sites, also called epitopes, recognized by CDRs onmultiple antibodies. Each antibody that specifically binds to adifferent epitope has a different structure. Thus, one antigen may havemore than one corresponding antibody.

An antibody includes a full-length immunoglobulin molecule or animmunologically active portion of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule,i.e., a molecule that contains an antigen binding site thatimmunospecifically binds an antigen of a target of interest or partthereof. Targets include, cancer cells or other cells that produceautoimmune antibodies associated with an autoimmune disease.

The immunoglobulins disclosed herein can be of any class (e.g., IgG,IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA) or subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1and IgA2) of immunoglobulin molecule. The immunoglobulins can be derivedfrom any species.

“Antibody fragments” comprise a portion of a full length antibody, whichmaintain the desired biological activity. “Antibody fragments” aregenerally the antigen binding or variable region thereof. Examples ofantibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab)₂, and Fv fragments;diabodies; linear antibodies; fragments produced by a Fab expressionlibrary, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, CDR (complementarydetermining region), and epitope-binding fragments of any of the abovewhich immuno specifically bind to cancer cell antigens, viral antigensor microbial antigens, single-chain antibody molecules; andmultispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.

The monoclonal antibodies referenced herein specifically include“chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chainis identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodiesderived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibodyclass or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical withor homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived fromanother species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, aswell as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit thedesired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). Chimericantibodies of interest herein include “primatized” antibodies comprisingvariable domain antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-humanprimate (e.g., Old World Monkey or Ape) and human constant regionsequences.

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” and “ADCC” refer to acell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that expressFc receptors (FcRs) (e.g., Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, andmacrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequentlycause lysis of the target cell. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NKcells, express Fc.gamma.RIII only, whereas monocytes expressFc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RII and Fc.gamma.RIII. To assess ADCC activity ofa molecule of interest, an in vitro ADCC assay may be performed (U.S.Pat. No. 5,003,621; U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337). Useful effector cells forsuch assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) andNatural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC activityof the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animalmodel such as that disclosed in Clynes et al PNAS (USA), 95:652-656(1998).

An antibody which “induces cell death” is one which causes a viable cellto become nonviable. Cell death in vitro may be determined in theabsence of complement and immune effector cells to distinguish celldeath induced by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) orcomplement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Thus, the assay for cell deathmay be performed using heat inactivated serum (i.e., in the absence ofcomplement) and in the absence of immune effector cells. To determinewhether the antibody is able to induce cell death, loss of membraneintegrity as evaluated by uptake of propidium iodide (PI), trypan blueor 7AAD can be assessed relative to untreated cells. Cell death-inducingantibodies are those which induce PI uptake in the PI uptake assay inBT474 cells.

An antibody which “induces apoptosis” is one which induces programmedcell death as determined by binding of annexin V, fragmentation of DNA,cell shrinkage, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, cell fragmentation,and/or formation of membrane vesicles (called apoptotic bodies).

As used herein, a “chemosensitizer” or “sensitizer” is a medicament thatmay enhance the therapeutic effect of a chemotherapeutic agent,radiotherapy treatment or alternative therapeutic regimen, and thereforeimprove efficacy of such treatment or agent. The sensitivity orresistance of a tumor or cancerous cell to treatment may also bemeasured in an animal, such as a human or rodent, by, e.g., measuringthe tumor size, tumor burden or incidence of metastases over a period oftime. For example, about 2, about 3, about 4 or about 6 months for ahuman and about 2-4, about 3-5, or about 4-6 weeks for a mouse. Acomposition or a method of treatment may sensitize a tumor or cancerouscell's response to a therapeutic treatment if the increase in treatmentsensitivity or the reduction in resistance is about 10% or more, forexample, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about80%, or more, to about 2-fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold,about 10-fold, about 15-fold, about 20-fold or more, compared totreatment sensitivity or resistance in the absence of such compositionor method. The determination of sensitivity or resistance to atherapeutic treatment is routine in the art and within the skill of aperson versed in the art.

The terms “peptide,” “polypeptide,” and “protein” may be usedinterchangeably, and refer to a compound comprised of at least two aminoacid residues covalently linked by peptide bonds or modified peptidebonds, for example peptide isosteres (modified peptide bonds) that mayprovide additional desired properties to the peptide, such as increasedhalf-life. A peptide may comprise at least two amino acids. The aminoacids comprising a peptide or protein described herein may also bemodified either by natural processes, such as posttranslationalprocessing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well knownin the art. Modifications can occur anywhere in a peptide, including thepeptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyltermini. It is understood that the same type of modification may bepresent in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a givenpeptide.

Examples of modifications to peptides may include PEGylation,acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachmentof flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment ofa nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid orlipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol,cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation,formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cystine, formation ofpyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPIanchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation,myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation,prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNAmediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, andubiquitination. See, for instance, Proteins-Structure and MolecularProperties, 2.sup.nd ed., T. E. Creighton, W H. Freeman and Company, NewYork, 1993 and Wold F, Posttranslational Protein Modifications:Perspectives and Prospects, pgs. 1-12 in Posttranslational CovalentModification of Proteins, B. C. Johnson, ed., Academic Press, New York,1983; Seifter et al., Analysis for protein modifications and nonproteincofactors, Meth. Enzymol. (1990) 182: 626-646 and Rattan et al. (1992),Protein Synthesis: Posttranslational Modifications and Aging,” Ann NYAcad Sci 663: 48-62.

A substantially similar sequence is an amino acid sequence that differsfrom a reference sequence only by one or more conservative substitutionsas discussed herein. Such a sequence may, for example, be functionallyhomologous to another substantially similar sequence. It will beappreciated by a person of skill in the art the aspects of theindividual amino acids in a peptide of the invention that may besubstituted.

Amino acid sequence similarity or identity may be computed by, e.g.,using the BLASTP and TBLASTN programs which employ the BLAST (basiclocal alignment search tool) 2.0 algorithm. Techniques for computingamino acid sequence similarity or identity are well known to thoseskilled in the art, and the use of the BLAST algorithm is described inALTSCHUL et al. 1990, J Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 and ALTSCHUL et al.(1997), Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402.

Sequences on which to perform an alignment may be collected fromnumerous databases. Examples of protein databases include SWISS-PROT,which also provides a high level of annotation relating to the functionof a protein, its domains structure, post-translational modifications,variants (Bairoch A. and Apweiler R. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res.28(1):45-48; Bairoch A. and Apweiler R. (1997) J. Mol. Med.75(5):312-316; Junker V. L. et al. (1999) Bioinformatics15(12):1066-1007), TrEMBL a computer-annotated supplement of SWISS-PROTthat contains all the translations of EMBL nucleotide sequence entries(Bairoch A. and Apweiler R. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28(1):45-48) andnr database compares all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations plusprotein sequences from other databases such as PDB, SwissProt, PIR andPRF.

Alignments of protein sequences may be conducted using existingalgorithms to search databases for sequences similar to a querysequence. One alignment method is the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith,T. F. and Waterman, M. S. 1981. Journal of Molecular Biology147(1):195-197), which is useful in determining how an optimal alignmentbetween the query sequence and a database sequence can be produced. Suchan alignment is obtained by determining what transformations the querysequence would need to undergo to match the database sequence.Transformations include substituting one character for another andinserting or deleting a string of characters. A score is assigned foreach character-to-character comparison-positive scores for exact matchesand some substitutions, negative scores for other substitutions andinsertions/deletions. Scores are obtained from statistically-derivedscoring matrices. The combination of transformations that results in thehighest score is used to generate an alignment between the querysequence and database sequence. The Needleman-Wunsch (Needleman, S. B.and Wunsch, C. D. 1970. Journal of Molecular Biology 48(3):443-453)algorithm is similar to the Smith-Waterman algorithm, but sequencecomparisons are global, not local. Global comparisons force an alignmentof the entire query sequence against the entire database sequence. Whilelocal alignments always begin and end with a match, global alignmentsmay begin or end with an insertion or deletion (indel). For a givenquery sequence and database sequence, a global score will be less thanor equal to a local score due to indels on the ends. As an alternativeto the above algorithms, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) search (Eddy, S. R.1996. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 6(3):361-365) could be usedto generate protein sequence alignments. HMM scoring weighs theprobability of a match being followed by insertions/deletions orvice-versa. In addition, HMMs allow insertion to deletion transitions(and vice versa) and scoring of begin and end states to control whethera search is run globally or locally.

One or more of the above algorithms may be used in an alignment programto generate protein sequence alignments. A person skilled in the art hasnumerous sequence alignment programs to choose from, that incorporate avariety of different algorithms. One example of an alignment program isBLASTP (Altschul, S. F., et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res.25(17):3389-3402). Other alignment programs are CLUSTAL W and PILEUP.The standard output from a BLASTP run contains enough information toconduct further indel analysis as described below.

Amino acids may be described as, for example, polar, non-polar, acidic,basic, aromatic or neutral. A polar amino acid is an amino acid that mayinteract with water by hydrogen bonding at biological or near-neutralpH. The polarity of an amino acid is an indicator of the degree ofhydrogen bonding at biological or near-neutral pH. Examples of polaramino acids include serine, proline, threonine, cysteine, asparagine,glutamine, lysine, histidine, arginine, aspartate, tyrosine andglutamate. Examples of non-polar amino acids include glycine, alanine,valine leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.Acidic amino acids have a net negative charge at a neutral pH. Examplesof acidic amino acids include aspartate and glutamate. Basic amino acidshave a net positive charge at a neutral pH. Examples of basic aminoacids include arginine, lysine and histidine. Aromatic amino acids aregenerally nonpolar, and may participate in hydrophobic interactions.Examples of aromatic amino acids include phenylalanine, tyrosine andtryptophan. Tyrosine may also participate in hydrogen bonding throughthe hydroxyl group on the aromatic side chain. Neutral, aliphatic aminoacids are generally nonpolar and hydrophobic. Examples of neutral aminoacids include alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and methionine. Anamino acid may be described by more than one descriptive category. Aminoacids sharing a common descriptive category may be substitutable foreach other in a peptide.

Nomenclature used to describe the peptide compounds of the presentinvention follows the conventional practice where the amino group ispresented to the left and the carboxy group to the right of each aminoacid residue. In the sequences representing selected specificembodiments of the present invention, the amino- and carboxy-terminalgroups, although not specifically shown, will be understood to be in theform they would assume at physiologic pH values, unless otherwisespecified. In the amino acid structure formulae, each residue may begenerally represented by a one-letter or three-letter designation,corresponding to the trivial name of the amino acid.

The hydropathy index of an amino acid is a scale indicating the tendencyof an amino acid to seek out an aqueous environment (negative value) ora hydrophobic environment (positive value) (Kyte & Doolittle 1982. J MolBiol 157:105-132). Hydropathy indices of the standard amino acidsinclude alanine (1.8), arginine (−4.5), asparagine (−3.5), aspartic acid(−3.5), cysteine (2.5), glutamine (−3.5), glutamic acid (−3.5), glycine(−0.4), histidine (−3.2), isoleucine (4.5), leucine (3.8), lysine(−3.9), methionine (1.9), phenylalanine (2.8), proline (−1.6), serine(−0.8), threonine (−0.7), tryptophan (−0.9), tyrosine (−1.3), and valine(4.2). Amino acids with similar hydropathy indices may be substitutablefor each other in a peptide.

Amino acids comprising the peptides described herein will be understoodto be in the L- or D-configuration. In peptides and peptidomimetics ofthe present invention, D-amino acids may be substitutable for L-aminoacids.

Amino acids contained within the peptides of the present invention, andparticularly at the carboxy- or amino-terminus, may be modified bymethylation, amidation, acetylation or substitution with other chemicalgroups which may change the circulating half-life of the peptide withoutadversely affecting their biological activity. Additionally, a disulfidelinkage may be present or absent in the peptides of the invention.

Nonstandard amino acids may occur in nature, and may or may not begenetically encoded. Examples of genetically encoded nonstandard aminoacids include selenocysteine, sometimes incorporated into some proteinsat a UGA codon, which may normally be a stop codon, or pyrrolysine,sometimes incorporated into some proteins at a UAG codon, which maynormally be a stop codon. Some nonstandard amino acids that are notgenetically encoded may result from modification of standard amino acidsalready incorporated in a peptide, or may be metabolic intermediates orprecursors, for example. Examples of nonstandard amino acids include4-hydroxyproline, 5-hydroxylysine, 6-N-methyllysine,gamma-carboxyglutamate, desmosine, selenocysteine, ornithine,citrulline, lanthionine, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid,gamma-aminobutyric acid, carnitine, sarcosine, or N-formylmethionine.Synthetic variants of standard and non-standard amino acids are alsoknown and may include chemically derivatized amino acids, amino acidslabeled for identification or tracking, or amino acids with a variety ofside groups on the alpha carbon. Examples of such side groups are knownin the art and may include aliphatic, single aromatic, polycyclicaromatic, heterocyclic, heteronuclear, amino, alkylamino, carboxyl,carboxamide, carboxyl ester, guanidine, amidine, hydroxyl, alkoxy,mercapto-, alkylmercapto-, or other heteroatom-containing side chains.Other synthetic amino acids may include alpha-imino acids, non-alphaamino acids such as beta-amino acids, des-carboxy or des-amino acids.Synthetic variants of amino acids may be synthesized using generalmethods known in the art, or may be purchased from commercial suppliers,for example RSP Amino Acids LLC (Shirley, Mass.).

In order to further exemplify what is meant by a conservative amino acidsubstitution, Groups A-F are listed below. The replacement of one memberof the following groups by another member of the same group isconsidered to be a conservative substitution.

Group A includes leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine,serine, cysteine, threonine, and modified amino acids having thefollowing side chains: ethyl, iso-butyl, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₂OH,—CH₂CHOHCH₃ and CH₂SCH₃.

Group B includes glycine, alanine, valine, serine, cysteine, threonine,and a modified amino acid having an ethyl side chain.

Group C includes phenylalanine, phenylglycine, tyrosine, tryptophan,cyclohexylmethyl, and modified amino residues having substituted benzylor phenyl side chains.

Group D includes glutamic acid, aspartic acid, a substituted orunsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic or benzylic ester of glutamic oraspartic acid (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, cyclohexyl,benzyl, or substituted benzyl), glutamine, asparagine, CO—NH-alkylatedglutamine or asparagine (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and iso-propyl),and modified amino acids having the side chain—(CH2)3COOH, an esterthereof (substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, aromatic, or benzylicester), an amide thereof, and a substituted or unsubstituted N-alkylatedamide thereof.

Group E includes histidine, lysine, arginine, N-nitroarginine,p-cycloarginine, g-hydroxyarginine, N-amidinocitruline, 2-aminoguanidinobutanoic acid, homologs of lysine, homologs of arginine, andornithine.

Group F includes serine, threonine, cysteine, and modified amino acidshaving C1-C5 straight or branched alkyl side chains substituted with —OHor —SH.

Groups A-F are exemplary and are not intended to limit the invention.

A peptidomimetic is a compound comprising non-peptidic structuralelements that mimics the biological action of a parent peptide. Apeptidomimetic may not have classical peptide characteristics such as anenzymatically scissile peptidic bond. A parent peptide may initially beidentified as a binding sequence or phosphorylation site on a protein ofinterest, or may be a naturally occurring peptide, for example a peptidehormone. Assays to identify peptidomimetics may include a parent peptideas a positive control for comparison purposes, when screening a library,such as a peptidomimetic library. A peptidomimetic library is a libraryof compounds that may have biological activity similar to that of aparent peptide.

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” includes RNA, cDNA, genomicDNA, synthetic forms, and mixed polymers, both sense and antisensestrands, and may be chemically or biochemically modified or may containnon-natural or derivatized nucleotide bases, as will be readilyappreciated by those skilled in the art. Such modifications include, forexample, labels, methylation, substitution of one or more of thenaturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotidemodifications such as uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates,phosphotriesters, phosphoamidates, carbamates, etc.), charged linkages(e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.), pendent moieties(e.g., polypeptides), and modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomericpolynucleotides, etc.). Also included are synthetic molecules that mimicpolynucleotides in their ability to bind to a designated sequence viahydrogen bonding and other chemical interactions.

“Peptide nucleic acids” (PNA) as used herein refer to modified nucleicacids in which the sugar phosphate skeleton of a nucleic acid has beenconverted to an N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine skeleton. Although thesugar-phosphate skeletons of DNA/RNA are subjected to a negative chargeunder neutral conditions resulting in electrostatic repulsion betweencomplementary chains, the backbone structure of PNA does not inherentlyhave a charge. Therefore, there is no electrostatic repulsion.Consequently, PNA has a higher ability to form double strands ascompared with conventional nucleic acids, and has a high ability torecognize base sequences. Furthermore, PNAs are generally more robustthan nucleic acids. PNAs may also be used in arrays and in otherhybridization or other reactions as described above and herein foroligonucleotides.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a polynucleotide compoundused for introducing exogenous or endogenous polynucleotide into hostcells. A vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, which may encode one ormore polypeptide molecules. Plasmids, cosmids, viruses andbacteriophages, in a natural state or which have undergone recombinantengineering, are non-limiting examples of commonly used vectors toprovide recombinant vectors comprising at least one desired isolatedpolynucleotide molecule.

As used herein, a “tumor suppressor” is a gene or gene product that hasa normal biological role of restraining unregulated growth of a cell. Ifthe function of a tumor suppressor is lost, unregulated cell growtharises. The functional counterpart to a tumor suppressor is anoncogene—genes that promote normal cell growth may be known as‘protooncogenes’. A mutation that activates such a gene or gene productfurther converts it to an ‘oncogene’, which continues the cell growthactivity, but in a dysregulated manner. Examples of tumor suppressorgenes and gene products are well known in the literature and may includePTC, BRCA1, BRCA2, p16, APC, RB, WT1, EXT1, p53, NF1, TSC2, NF2, VHL orSPARC.

The invention further provides nucleic acid constructs comprisingcontrol elements and a nucleic acid molecule described hereinoperatively linked to the control elements (e.g., a suitable promoter)for expression of a polypeptide or a polypeptide herein described.Protein expression is dependent on the level of RNA transcription, whichis in turn regulated by DNA signals. Similarly, translation of mRNArequires, at the very least, an AUG initiation codon, which is usuallylocated within about 10 to about 100 nucleotides of the 5′ end of themessage. Sequences flanking the AUG initiator codon have been shown toinfluence its recognition by eukaryotic ribosomes, with conformity to aperfect Kozak consensus sequence resulting in optimal translation (see,e.g., Kozak, J. Molec. Biol. 196: 947-950 (1987)). Also, successfulexpression of an exogenous nucleic acid in a cell can requirepost-translational modification of a resultant protein. Accordingly, theinvention provides plasmids encoding polypeptides wherein the vector is,e.g., pcDNA3.1 or a derivative thereof.

The nucleic acid molecules described herein preferably comprise a codingregion operatively linked to a suitable promoter, which promoter ispreferably functional in eukaryotic cells. Viral promoters, such as,without limitation, the RSV promoter and the adenovirus major latepromoter can be used in the invention. Suitable non-viral promotersinclude, but are not limited to, the phosphoglycerokinase (PGK) promoterand the elongation factor 1.alpha. promoter. Non-viral promoters aredesirably human promoters. Additional suitable genetic elements, many ofwhich are known in the art, also can be ligated to, attached to, orinserted into the inventive nucleic acid and constructs to provideadditional functions, level of expression, or pattern of expression. Thenative promoters for expression of the SPARC family genes also can beused, in which event they are preferably not used in the chromosomenaturally encoding them unless modified by a process that substantiallychanges that chromosome. Such substantially changed chromosomes caninclude chromosomes transfected and altered by a retroviral vector orsimilar process. Alternatively, such substantially changed chromosomescan comprise an artificial chromosome such as a HAC, YAC, or BAC.

In addition, the nucleic acid molecules described herein may beoperatively linked to enhancers to facilitate transcription. Enhancersare cis-acting elements of DNA that stimulate the transcription ofadjacent genes. Examples of enhancers which confer a high level oftranscription on linked genes in a number of different cell types frommany species include, without limitation, the enhancers from SV40 andthe RSV-LTR. Such enhancers can be combined with other enhancers whichhave cell type-specific effects, or any enhancer may be used alone.

To optimize polypeptide production the inventive nucleic acid moleculecan further comprise a polyadenylation site following the coding regionof the nucleic acid molecule. Also, preferably all the propertranscription signals (and translation signals, where appropriate) willbe correctly arranged such that the exogenous nucleic acid will beproperly expressed in the cells into which it is introduced. If desired,the exogenous nucleic acid also can incorporate splice sites (i.e.,splice acceptor and splice donor sites) to facilitate mRNA productionwhile maintaining an inframe, full length transcript. Moreover, theinventive nucleic acid molecules can further comprise the appropriatesequences for processing, secretion, intracellular localization, and thelike.

The nucleic acid molecules can be inserted into any suitable vector.Suitable vectors include, without limitation, viral vectors. Suitableviral vectors include, without limitation, retroviral vectors,alphaviral, vaccinial, adenoviral, adenoassociated viral, herpes viral,and fowl pox viral vectors. The vectors preferably have a native orengineered capacity to transform eukaryotic cells, e.g., CHO-K1 cells.Additionally, the vectors useful in the context of the invention can be“naked” nucleic acid vectors (i.e., vectors having little or noproteins, sugars, and/or lipids encapsulating them) such as plasmids orepisomes, or the vectors can be complexed with other molecules. Othermolecules that can be suitably combined with the inventive nucleic acidsinclude without limitation viral coats, cationic lipids, liposomes,polyamines, gold particles, and targeting moieties such as ligands,receptors, or antibodies that target cellular molecules.

SPARC polypeptides in accordance the invention can be expressed andpurified from a recombinant host cell. Recombinant host cells may beprokaryotic or eukaryotic, including but not limited to bacteria such asE. coli, fungal cells such as yeast, insect cells including but, notlimited to, drosophila and silkworm derived cell lines, and mammaliancells and cell lines. When expressing SPARC polypeptides in accordancethe invention in a cell, e.g., a human cell, whether, in vitro or invivo, the codons selected for such the polynucleotide encoding the Q3SPARC can be optimized for a given cell type (i.e., species). Manytechniques for codon optimization are known in the art (see, e.g.,Jayaraj et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 33(9):3011-6 (2005); Fuglsang et al.,Protein Expr. Purif. 31(2):247-9 (2003); Wu et al., “The Synthetic GeneDesigner: a Flexible Web Platform to Explore Sequence Space of SyntheticGenes for Heterologous Expression,” csbw, 2005 IEEE ComputationalSystems Bioinformatics Conference—Workshops (CSBW'05), pp. 258-259(2005)).

In certain embodiments, when expressing and purifying a SPARCpolypeptide, techniques for improving protein solubility are employed toprevent the formation of inclusion body (which are insoluble fractions),and therefore obtaining large quantities of the polypeptide. SPARCaccumulated in inclusion bodies is often an inactive-type SPARC notretaining its physiological activities.

Solubility of a purified SPARC polypeptide can be improved by methodsknown in the art. For example, solubility may also be improved byexpressing a functional fragment, but not the full length polypeptide.In addition, to increase the solubility of an expressed protein (e.g.,in E. coli), one can reduce the rate of protein synthesis by loweringthe growth temperature, using a weaker promoter, using a lower copynumber plasmid, lowering the inducer concentration, changing the growthmedium as described in Georgiou & Valax (Current Opinion Biotechnol.7:190-197 (1996)). This decreases the rate of protein synthesis andusually more soluble protein is obtained. One can also add prostethicgroups or co-factors which are essential for proper folding or forprotein stability, or add buffer to control pH fluctuation in the mediumduring growth, or add 1% glucose to repress induction of the lacpromoter by lactose, which is present in most rich media (such as LB,2xYT). Polyols (e.g., sorbitol) and sucrose may also be added to themedia because the increase in osmotic pressure caused by these additionsleads to the accumulation of osmoprotectants in the cell, whichstabilize the native protein structure. Ethanol, low molecular weightthiols and disulfides, and NaCl may be added. In addition, chaperonesand/or foldases may be co-expressed with the desired polypeptide.Molecular chaperones promote the proper isomerization and cellulartargeting by transiently interacting with folding intermediates. E. colichaperone systems include but, are not limited to: GroES-GroEL,DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE, CIpB.

Foldases accelerate rate-limiting steps along the folding pathway. Threetypes of foldases play an important role: peptidyl prolyl cis/transisomerases (PPI's), disulfide oxidoreductase (DsbA) and disulfideisomerase (DsbC), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) which is aneukaryotic protein that catalyzes both protein cysteine oxidation anddisulfide bond isomerization. Co-expression of one or more of theseproteins with the target protein could lead to higher levels of solubletarget protein.

A SPARC polypeptide can be produced as a fusion protein in order toimprove its solubility and production. The fusion protein comprises aSPARC polypeptide and a second polypeptide fused together in frame. Thesecond polypeptide may be a fusion partner known in the art to improvethe solubility of the polypeptide to which it is fused, for example,NusA, bacterioferritin (BFR), GrpE, thioredoxin (TRX) andglutathione-S-transferase (GST). Novagen Inc. (Madison, Wis.) providesthe pET 43.1 vector series which permit the formation of a NusA-targetfusion. DsbA and DsbC have also shown positive effects on expressionlevels when used as a fusion partner, therefore can be used to fuse witha SPARC polypeptide for achieving higher solubility.

In one embodiment, a SPARC polypeptide is produced as a fusionpolypeptide comprising the Q3 SPARC deletion mutant polypeptide and afusion partner thioredoxin, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,664,hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The thioredoxin-SPARCfusion can be produced in E. coli as an easy-to-formulate, solubleprotein in a large quantity without losing the physiological activities.Although U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,664 provides a fusion SPARC protein withSPARC fused to the C-terminus of thioredoxin, it is understood, for thepurpose of the present invention, a SPARC polypeptide can be fusedeither to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of a second polypeptide, solong as its sensitizing function is retained.

The polypeptides of the invention can be also be synthesize in vitro,e.g., using any suitable in vitro translation system, e.g., TNT® QuickCoupled Transcription/Translation Systems (Promega, Madison, Wis.),rabbit reticulocyte lysates, wheat germ extracts, and the like.Alternatively, the polypeptides made in accordance with the inventionmay be chemically synthesized by any suitable solid phase or liquidphase protocols including, e.g., Lithographic, Fmoc solid-phase andt-Boc solid-phase peptide synthesis approaches.

By isolated or purified it is meant constituting at least 75%, at least90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of the polypeptide or polynucleotidepresent. Polynucleotides in accordance with the invention my be purifiedby any suitable means. The polypeptides of the invention can be purifiedby any suitable method know to those of ordinary skill, including, e.g.,the methods discussed in Sage: Purification of SPARC/osteonectin, Curr.Protocols Cell Biol. 2003 February; Chapter 10: Unit 10.11, which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively,affinity chromatography or precipitation using any suitable antibody,epitope tags including, e.g., myc, gfp, V5, FITC, HA, S-tag, T7, and thelike or other suitable affinity systems may be used, including, e.g.,biotin/avidin, polyhistidine/Nickel, GST and the like.

One measure of “correspondence” of nucleic acids, peptides or proteinsfor use herein with reference to the above described nucleic acids andproteins is relative “identity” between sequences. In the case ofpeptides or proteins, or in the case of nucleic acids defined accordingto a encoded peptide or protein correspondence includes a peptide havingat least about 50% identity, alternatively at least about 70% identity,alternatively at least about 90% identity, or even about 95% and mayalso be at least about 98-99% identity to a specified peptide orprotein. Preferred measures of identity as between nucleic acids is thesame as specified above for peptides with at least about 90% or at leastabout 98-99% identity being most preferred.

The term “identity” as used herein refers to the measure of the identityof sequence between two peptides or between two nucleic acids molecules.Identity can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence,which may be a line for purposes of comparison. Two amino acid ornucleic acid sequences are considered substantially identical if theyshare at least about 75% sequence identity, preferably at least about90% sequence identity and even more preferably at least 95% sequenceidentity and most preferably at least about 98-99% identity.

Sequence identity may be determined by the BLAST algorithm currently isuse and which was originally described in Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol.Biol. 215:403-410. The BLAST algorithm may be used with the publisheddefault settings. When a position in the compared sequence is occupiedby the same base or amino acid, the molecules are considered to haveshared identity at that position. The degree of identity betweensequences is a function of the number of matching positions shared bythe sequences.

An alternate measure of identity of nucleic acid sequences is todetermine whether two sequences hybridize to each other under lowstringency, and preferably high stringency conditions. Such sequencesare substantially identical when they will hybridize under highstringency conditions. Hybridization to filter-bound sequences under lowstringency conditions may, for example, be performed in 0.5 M NaHPO₄, 7%sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1 mM EDTA at 65° C., and washing in0.2.times.SSC/0.1 SDS at 42.degree. C. (see Ausubel et al. (eds.) 1989,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 1, Green PublishingAssociates, Inc., and John Wiley & sons, Inc., New York, at p. 2.10.3).Alternatively, hybridization to filter-bound sequences under highstringency conditions, may for example, be performed in 0.5 M NaHPO₄, 7%(SDS), 1 mM EDTA at 65° C., and washing in 0.2.times.SSC/0.1% SDS at68.degree. C. (see Ausubel et al. (eds.) 1989, supra). Hybridizationconditions may be modified in accordance with known methods depending onthe sequence of interest (see Tijssen, 1993, Laboratory Techniques inBiochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic AcidProbes, Part I, Chapter 2 “Overview of Principles in Hybridization andthe Strategy of Nucleic Acid Probe Assays”, Elsevier, N.Y.). Generally,stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than thethermal melting point for the specific sequence at a defined ionicstrength and pH.

It will be appreciated by a person of skill in the art that thenumerical designations of the positions of mutations within a sequenceare relative to the specific sequence. Also the same positions may beassigned different numerical designations depending on the way in whichthe sequence is numbered and the sequence chosen. Furthermore, sequencevariations such as insertions or deletions, may change the relativeposition and subsequently the numerical designations of particularnucleotides at and around a mutational site.

Gene therapy is a medical intervention that involves modifying thegenetic material of living cells to fight disease. Gene therapy is beingstudied in clinical trials (research studies with humans) for manydifferent types of cancer and for other diseases. Accordingly, theinvention further provides for an isolated nucleic acid moleculeencoding a SPARC polypeptide suitable for use in “gene therapy” (see,e.g., Patil et al., AAPS J. 7(1):E61-77 (2005)).

In general, a gene is delivered to the cell using a “vector” such asthose disclosed herein. The most common types of vectors used in genetherapy are viruses. Viruses used as vectors in gene therapy aregenetically disabled; they are unable to reproduce themselves. Most genetherapy clinical trials rely on mouse retroviruses to deliver thedesired gene. Other viruses used as vectors include adenoviruses,adeno-associated viruses, poxviruses, and the herpes virus. Suitableviral gene therapy vectors and modes of their administration in vivo andex vivo are known in the art.

Gene therapy can be performed both ex vivo and in vivo. Typically, in exvivo gene therapy clinical trials, cells from the patient's blood orbone marrow are removed and grown in the laboratory. The cells areexposed to the virus that is carrying the desired gene. The virus entersthe cells, and the desired gene becomes part of the cells' DNA. Thecells grow in the laboratory and are then returned to the patient byinjection into a vein. Using in vivo gene therapy, vectors such as,e.g., viruses or liposomes may be used to deliver the desired gene tocells inside the patient's body.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that, because of theuniversality of the genetic code, the knowledge of any given amino acidsequence allows those of ordinary skill in the art to readily envision afinite number of specific polynucleotide sequences that can encode apolypeptide of said amino acid sequence. Further, the ordinarily skilledartisan can readily determine the optimal polynucleotide sequence toencode a polypeptide of said amino acid sequence for expression in anygiven species via the process of “codon optimization,” which is wellknow in the art (see, e.g., Villalobos et al.: Gene Designer: asynthetic biology tool for constructing artificial DNA segments. BMCBioinformatics. 2006 Jun. 6; 7:285).

As used herein, a “carrier” refers to any substance suitable as avehicle for delivering an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) to asuitable in vitro or in vivo site of action. As such, carriers can actas an excipient for formulation of a therapeutic or experimental reagentcontaining an API. Preferred carriers are capable of maintaining an APIin a form that is capable of interacting with a T cell. Examples of suchcarriers include, but are not limited to water, phosphate bufferedsaline, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, serum-containingsolutions, Hank's solution and other aqueous physiologically balancedsolutions or cell culture medium. Aqueous carriers MAY also containsuitable auxiliary substances required to approximate the physiologicalconditions of the recipient, for example, enhancement of chemicalstability and isotonicity. Suitable auxiliary substances include, forexample, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassiumchloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamineoleate, and other substances used to produce phosphate buffer, Trisbuffer, and bicarbonate buffer.

As used herein “anti-cancer vaccine” means a composition comprising atumor associated antigen or epitope against which an immune response maybe mounted.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an anti-cancer vaccinecomprising a peptide antigen having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQID NO: 1; or a peptide antigen having an amino acid sequence comprisinga substitution, deletion, insertion, and/or addition of one or severalamino acids with respect to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1, and also having immune-stimulating activity. In another aspect, thepresent invention provides a peptide antigen comprising a portion of theaforementioned peptide of SEQ ID NO 1 and having immune-stimulatingactivity. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides apeptide antigen which has an amino acid sequence comprising asubstitution, deletion, insertion, and/or addition of one or severalamino acids with respect to the aforementioned portion of the peptideantigen of SEQ ID NO 1, and also has immune-stimulating activity. Theabove-described peptide antigens can preferably activate cytotoxic Tlymphocytes which recognize a cancer antigen protein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides helper T cells,cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or an immunocyte population comprising thesecells, which are induced by in vitro stimulation using theaforementioned peptide antigens, or a mixture thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides helper T cells,cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or an immunocyte population comprising thesecells, which are induced by in vitro stimulation using theaforementioned peptide antigens, or a mixture thereof, and an immuneactivator. The immune activator is preferably a cell growth factor orcytokine.

The vaccine may preferably further comprise an adjuvant, such ascomplete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, alum, BacillusCalmette-Guerin, agonists and modifiers of adhesion molecules, tetanustoxoid, imiquinod, montanide, MPL, and QS21.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method forsuppressing a tumor, which comprises introducing the above-describedhelper T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or an immunocyte populationcomprising these cells into a body. The above-described method ispreferably used to prevent and/or treat cancers.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a cell culturesolution used to produce the helper T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytesof the present invention or an immunocyte population comprising thesecells, which comprises the aforementioned peptide antigens, or a mixturethereof.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a cell culture kit forproducing the helper T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes of the presentinvention or an immunocyte population comprising these cells, whichcomprises the above-described cell culture solution and a cell culturevessel.

In another aspect, the present invention provides DNA encoding theaforementioned peptide antigens. In yet another aspect, the presentinvention provides a cancer vaccine, which comprises the aforementionedDNA of the present invention, or recombinant virus or recombinantbacteria comprising the above-described DNA. The above-described cancervaccine preferably further comprises an adjuvant.

The vaccine may comprise more than one peptide, and the multiplepeptides may depend on the tumor to be treated. The vaccine may furthercomprise an antigen presenting cell, such as a dendritic cell, and moreparticularly a dendritic cell pulsed or loaded with the peptide and usedas a cellular vaccine to stimulate T cell immunity against the peptide,and thereby against the tumor.

The administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of the presentinvention can be accomplished via any suitable route including, but notlimited to, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal,intratumoral, oral, rectal, vaginal, intravesical, and inhalationaladministration, with intravenous and intratumoral administration beingmost preferred. The composition can further comprise any other suitablecomponents, especially for enhancing the stability of the compositionand/or its end use. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitableformulations of the composition of the invention. The followingformulations and methods are merely exemplary and are in no waylimiting.

The pharmaceutical compositions can also include, if desired, additionaltherapeutic or biologically-active agents. For example, therapeuticfactors useful in the treatment of a particular indication can bepresent. Factors that control inflammation, such as ibuprofen orsteroids, can be part of the composition to reduce swelling andinflammation associated with in vivo administration of thepharmaceutical composition and physiological distress.

The carrier typically will be liquid, but also can be solid, or acombination of liquid and solid components. The carrier desirably isphysiologically acceptable (e.g., a pharmaceutically orpharmacologically acceptable) carrier (e.g., excipient or diluent).Physiologically acceptable carriers are well known and are readilyavailable. The choice of carrier will be determined, at least in part,by the location of the target tissue and/or cells, and the particularmethod used to administer the composition.

Typically, such compositions can be prepared as injectables, either asliquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for using toprepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a liquid prior toinjection can also be prepared; and the preparations can also beemulsified. The pharmaceutical formulations suitable for injectable useinclude sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions; formulationscontaining known protein stabilizers and lyoprotectants, formulationsincluding sesame oil, peanut oil or aqueous propylene glycol, andsterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersions. In all cases the formulation must be sterileand must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It mustbe stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must bepreserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such asbacteria and fungi. Solutions of the active compounds as free base orpharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitablymixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxycellulose. Dispersions can alsobe prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixturesthereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, thesepreparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms.

The peptides of the present invention, can be formulated into acomposition in a neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically acceptable saltsinclude the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups ofthe protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, forexample, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such as organic acids asacetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with thefree carboxyl groups also can be derived from inorganic bases such as,for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides,and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine,procaine and the like.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can containanti oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render theformulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, andaqueous and non aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspendingagents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.The formulations can be presented in unit dose or multi dose sealedcontainers, such as ampules and vials, and can be stored in a freezedried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of a sterileliquid excipient, for example, water, for injections, immediately priorto use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can beprepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kindpreviously described. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, thepeptide ligand domain-containing conjugate is formulated for injection(e.g., parenteral administration). In this regard, the formulationdesirably is suitable for intratumoral administration, but also can beformulated for intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection,subcutaneous injection, and the like.

The invention also provides, if desirable, embodiments in which thepeptides of the present invention are further conjugated to polyethyleneglycol (PEG). PEG conjugation can increase the circulating half-life ofthese polypeptides, reduce the polypeptide's immunogenicity andantigenicity, and improve their bioactivity. If used, any suitablemethod of PEG conjugation can be used, including but not limited to,reacting methoxy-PEG with a peptide's available amino group(s) or otherreactive sites such as, e.g., histidines or cysteinees. In addition,recombinant DNA approaches can be used to add amino acids withPEG-reactive groups to the peptide ligand domain-containing conjugate.Further, releasable and hybrid PEG-ylation strategies can be used inaccordance with the aspects of the present invention, such as thePEG-ylation of polypeptide, wherein the PEG molecules added to certainsites in the peptide ligand domain-containing conjugatemolecule arereleased in vivo. Examples of PEG conjugation methods are known in theart. See, e.g., Greenwald et al., Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 55:217-250(2003).

Formulations suitable for administration via inhalation include aerosolformulations. The aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurizedacceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane,nitrogen, and the like. They also can be formulated as non pressurizedpreparations, for delivery from a nebulizer or an atomizer.

Formulations suitable for anal administration can be prepared assuppositories by mixing the active ingredient with a variety of basessuch as emulsifying bases or water soluble bases. Formulations suitablefor vaginal administration can be presented as pessaries, tampons,creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulas containing, in additionto the active ingredient, such carriers as are known in the art to beappropriate.

In addition, the composition of the invention can comprise additionaltherapeutic or biologically active agents. For example, therapeuticfactors useful in the treatment of a particular indication can bepresent. Factors that control inflammation, such as ibuprofen orsteroids, can be part of the composition to reduce swelling andinflammation associated with in vivo administration of thepharmaceutical composition and physiological distress.

In the case of inhalational therapy, the pharmaceutical composition ofthe present invention is desirably in the form of an aerosol. Aerosoland spray generators for administering the agent if in solid form areavailable. These generators provide particles that are respirable orinhalable, and generate a volume of aerosol containing a predeterminedmetered dose of a medicament at a rate suitable for humanadministration. Examples of such aerosol and spray generators includemetered dose inhalers and insufflators known in the art. If in liquidform, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can beaerosolized by any suitable device.

When used in connection with intravenous, intraperitoneal orintratumoral administration, the pharmaceutical composition of theinvention can comprise sterile aqueous and non-aqueous injectionsolutions, suspensions or emulsions of the active compound, whichpreparations are preferably isotonic with the blood of the intendedrecipient. These preparations can contain one or more of anti-oxidants,buffers, surfactants, cosolvents, bacteriostats, solutes which renderthe compositions isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, andother formulation components known in the art. Aqueous and non-aqueoussterile suspensions can include suspending agents and thickening agents.The compositions can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers,for example sealed ampoules and vials.

The methods of the present invention can also be part of combinationtherapy. The phrase “combination therapy” refers to administering atherapeutic agent in accordance with the invention together with anothertherapeutic composition in a sequential or concurrent manner such thatthe beneficial effects of this combination are realized in the mammalundergoing therapy. Optimal dosages for any of the compositions of theinvention can be are determined by routine methods known to thoseordinary skill in the art.

Example 1

This example demonstrates the interaction of SPARC and Abraxane® withthe antiangiogenic agent Sutent® In a PC3 model. Tumor volume wasmeasured in mice being treated with Abraxane alone (15 mg/kgadministered daily for five days), Abraxane and Sutent (the Sutentadministered at 30 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks), Abraxane and exogenousSPARC (the SPARC at 0.2 mg/ms administered twice a week for eightweeks), and finally, Abraxane, Sutent and SPARC together.

FIG. 1 depicts a graph plotting tumor volume (mm³) against time (days)for these test conditions. As is apparent from the graph, theadministration of Abraxane® results in markedly lower tumor volume,relative to control, over the course of the experiment. When Abraxane®is administered with SPARC tumor volume is slightly greater indicating(as was shown in example 1) that exogenously administered SPARCdesensitizes Abraxane® in this system. When the antiangiogenic agentSutent® is administered along with SPARC and Abraxane®, the efficacy ofthe SPARC/Abraxane® combination is markedly improved.

FIG. 1 also demonstrates that the administration of Abraxane® with theanti-angiogenic agent Sutent® produces a far greater decrease in tumorvolume than the administration of Abraxane® alone. Surprisingly, theadministration of exogenous SPARC along with Abraxane® and Sutent®negates some of the synergistic affect of Abraxane® and Sutent®. Thissuggests that SPARC antagonizes the anti-angiogenic activity of Sutent®.

These data suggest that the mechanism by which SPARC desensitizes theseparticular anti-tumor agents is via angiogenic activity.

Example 2

This example demonstrates the characterization of the angiogenicbehavior of SPARC.

Recombinant human SPARC and genetically engineered variants wereexpressed and purified using HEK 293 cells maintained in hollow fiberbio-reactors. The angiogenic activity of rhSPARC and its variants wasevaluated using a HUVEC tube formation assay and a HUVEC sproutformation bead assay.

In the HUVEC tube formation assay, rhSPARC was pro-angiogenic at 10μg/mL and anti-angiogenic at 100 μg/mL. The results of the tubeformation assay can be seen in FIG. 2 In the sprout formation assay,addition of rhSPARC resulted in more mature blood vessels well supportedby pericytes, suggesting a role for SPARC beyond the initial stimulationof angiogeneis per se. Additional rhSPARC variants with deletions andsingle/double amino acid substitutions tested in these assays included:Q3 deletion (BIO2), an inversion of the putative angiogenic domain(BIO5), a double K>Q substitution in the proposed angiogenic domain(BIO11), the genetic ablation of the putative catephsin K recognitionsites (BIO8), and a proteolytic degradation product of rhSPARC. Endterminal amino acid analysis indicated the angiogenic activity islocalized to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Example 3

This example depicts the identification of the angiogenic domain ofSPARC.

A proteolytic degradation product of SPARC was prepared and designatedSPARC-d. SPARC-d is a mixture consisting of two forms of C-terminaltruncated SPARC. FIG. 3 depicts an SDS PAGE assay in which SPARC d wasrun alongside wildtype SPARC. The dominant form of SPARC-d, labeled B onthe gel in FIG. 3, is missing part of the C-terminal sequence consistingof amino acids 233-286 (SEQ ID NO. 2)

FIG. 4 depicts the results of a HUVEC 3-D tube formation assay conductedwith wild type SPARC and SPARC-D. The angiogenic behavior of wild typeSPARC, as described in the previous example, can be seen in the graph;the angiogenic behavior increases as the concentration approaches 10ug/ml and drops off as it approaches 100 ug/ml. The results for SPARC-d,however, indicate that truncating the C-terminal end of the proteinabolishes SPARC angiogenic activity.

Based on the results of this assay, it is possible to identify thelocation of the angiogenic domain of SPARC as located within theC-Terminal 54 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO 1).

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing the invention (especially in the context of thefollowing claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and theplural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted bycontext. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing”are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, butnot limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of valuesherein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referringindividually to each separate value falling within the range, unlessotherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated intothe specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methodsdescribed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwiseindicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The useof any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”)provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the inventionand does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unlessotherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construedas indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice ofthe invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention.Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Theinventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations asappropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, thisinvention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

1. An isolated polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence havingup to 5 amino acid changes of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 2. The isolated polypeptideof claim 1 further comprising up to an additional 15 amino acids addedto the carboxy and/or amino termini.
 3. The isolated polypeptide ofclaim 1, wherein the polypeptide has up to 5 nonconservative amino acidchanges from SEQ ID NO: 1 and retains at least 60% of the angiogenicactivity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 4. An isolated polypeptide comprising asequence 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and retaining at least 60% of theangiogenic activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 5. An isolatedpolynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding any one ofthe polypeptides of claim
 1. 6. An expression vector for expressing anucleic acid sequence of claim
 5. 7. A transformed cell comprising thepolynucleotide of claim
 5. 8. A method for stimulating angiogenesis inan animal in need of angiogenesis comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a purified polypeptide comprisingthe sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having up to 5 amino acidchanges of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein thepolypeptide further comprises up to an additional 15 amino acids addedto the carboxy and/or amino termini.
 10. The method of claim 8, whereinthe purified polypeptide has up to 5 nonconservative amino acid changesand retains at least 60% of the angiogenic activity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 11.The method of claim 8, wherein the purified polypeptide comprises asequence 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 and retains at least 60% of theangiogenic activity of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 12. The methodof claim 8, wherein the animal is in need of angiogenesis due toischemia or hypoperfusion.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein theischemia or hypoprofusion is cardiac ischemia, stroke, TIA, limbichypoperfusion, restenosis or atherosclerosis.
 14. An isolated SPARCpolypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence having up to 5 aminoacid changes of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 15. An isolated, carboxy truncated, SPARCpolypeptide which is the product of an enzymatic digestion of thecarboxy terminus of a full length SPARC polypeptide and which retains nomore than 5% of the angiogenic activity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 16. Anisolated, epitope tagged, carboxy truncated SPARC polypeptide which isthe product of an enzymatic digestion of the carboxy terminus of a fulllength SPARC polypeptide and which retains no more than 5% of theangiogenic activity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 17. The isolated polypeptide ofclaim 14 further comprising up to an additional 15 amino acids added tothe carboxy and/or amino termini.
 18. An isolated polynucleotidecomprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of claim 14.19. An expression vector for expressing any one of the nucleic acidsequences of claim
 18. 20. A transformed cell comprising any one of thenucleic acid sequences of claim
 18. 21. A method of treating a tumor inan animal comprising the administration of a therapeutically effectiveamount of any one or more of the SPARC polypeptides of claim
 14. 22. Amethod for sensitizing a tumor in an animal comprising theadministration of a therapeutically effective amount of any one or moreof the SPARC polypeptides of claim 14 and a non-SPARC therapy.
 23. Themethod of claim 21, wherein the tumor is selected from the groupconsisting of oral cavity tumors, pharyngeal tumors, digestive systemtumors, respiratory system tumors, bone tumors, cartilaginous tumors,bone metastases, sarcomas, skin tumors, melanoma, breast tumors, genitalsystem tumors, urinary tract tumors, orbital tumors, brain and centralnervous system tumors, gliomas, endocrine system tumors, thyroid tumors,esophageal tumors, gastric tumors, small intestinal tumors, colonictumors, rectal tumors, anal tumors, liver tumors, gall bladder tumors,pancreatic tumors, laryngeal tumors, tumors of the lung, bronchialtumors, non-small cell lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma,uterine cervical tumors, uterine corpus tumors, ovarian tumors, vulvartumors, vaginal tumors, prostate tumors, prostatic carcinoma, testiculartumors, tumors of the penis, urinary bladder tumors, tumors of thekidney, tumors of the renal pelvis, tumors of the ureter, head and necktumors, parathyroid cancer, Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,multiple myeloma, leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, or chronic myeloidleukemia.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the non-SPARC therapy isone or more of a chemotherapeutic, radiation or biologic regimen. 25.The method of claim 24, wherein the non-SPARC therapy comprises one ormore of docetaxel, paclitaxel, taxanes, platinum compounds, antifolates,antimetabolites, antimitotics, DNA damaging agents, proapoptotics,differentiation inducing agents, antiangiogenic agents, antibiotics,hormones, peptides, antibodies, and combinations thereof.
 26. A methodof identifying an angiogenesis inhibitor comprising a. administering aneffective amount of a composition of claim 1 to an angiogenesis modelsystem; b. separately simultaneously administering a candidateangiogenesis inhibitor and the composition of claim 1 to theangiogenesis model system; c. quantifying the amount of angiogenesisproduced in (a) and (b); and d. if angiogenesis is reduced in (b) incomparison to (a), identifying the candidate angiogenesis inhibitor asan angiogenesis inhibitor.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein theangiogenesis model system is a HUVEC tube formation assay.
 28. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the animal is a human.
 29. The isolatedpolypeptide of claim 1, wherein the isolated polypeptide has up to 5conservative amino acid changes and retains at least 60% of theangiogenic activity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 30. The method of claim 8, whereinthe purified polypeptide has up to 5 conservative amino acid changes andretains at least 60% of the angiogenic activity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 31. Theisolated polypeptide of claim 14, wherein the isolated polypeptide hasup to 5 nonconservative amino acid changes and retains no more than 5%of the angiogenic activity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 32. The isolated polypeptideof claim 14, wherein the isolated polypeptide has up to 5 conservativeamino acid changes and retains no more than 5% of the angiogenicactivity of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 33. The method of claim 8, wherein the animalis a human.
 34. The method of claim 22, wherein the tumor is selectedfrom the group consisting of oral cavity tumors, pharyngeal tumors,digestive system tumors, respiratory system tumors, bone tumors,cartilaginous tumors, bone metastases, sarcomas, skin tumors, melanoma,breast tumors, genital system tumors, urinary tract tumors, orbitaltumors, brain and central nervous system tumors, gliomas, endocrinesystem tumors, thyroid tumors, esophageal tumors, gastric tumors, smallintestinal tumors, colonic tumors, rectal tumors, anal tumors, livertumors, gall bladder tumors, pancreatic tumors, laryngeal tumors, tumorsof the lung, bronchial tumors, non-small cell lung carcinoma, small celllung carcinoma, uterine cervical tumors, uterine corpus tumors, ovariantumors, vulvar tumors, vaginal tumors, prostate tumors, prostaticcarcinoma, testicular tumors, tumors of the penis, urinary bladdertumors, tumors of the kidney, tumors of the renal pelvis, tumors of theureter, head and neck tumors, parathyroid cancer, Hodgkin's disease,Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, acute lymphocyticleukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, orchronic myeloid leukemia.
 35. The method of claim 22, wherein thenon-SPARC therapy is one or more of a chemotherapeutic, radiation orbiologic regimen.
 36. The method of claim 24, wherein the non-SPARCtherapy comprises one or more of docetaxel, paclitaxel, taxanes,platinum compounds, antifolates, antimetabolites, antimitotics, DNAdamaging agents, proapoptotics, differentiation inducing agents,antiangiogenic agents, antibiotics, hormones, peptides, antibodies, andcombinations thereof.
 37. The method of claim 21, wherein the animal isa human.
 38. The method of claim 22, wherein the animal is a human.